Rome : Culture and History

Rome: Culture

Usages

The Roman people is a character in the forefront in the Italian scene varied characters. Far from Turin, the Venetian or Florentine who find it vulgar and boastful, he speaks vehemently and with large movements of the hands Romanaccio , rich in invective tasty dialect to drawl. But very superstitious, it's conjuring with discrete actions he fights malocchio (evil eye). Anycat black glimpsed the morning raises anxiety. Particularly harmful is the fact, in a group that meets or leaves, exchanging a handshake over two shake hands!

We get up early in the Italian capital, and if the many department employees are on duty around 8 am after drinking coffee at home, the breaks or cappuccino - accompanied by a cornetto(croissant) - the bar corner , are in the natural order of things.The workday must cease at 13.30, and many have other jobs, usually paid to black. But between the two is the sacrosanctpennichella (nap). Stores, government offices, everything ischiuso (closed), and if operations are resumed in the afternoon, it was not until around 15:30 or 16h, confirming the saying: "During the nap, only dogs and French roam. " This "institution" is not without creating some communication difficulties between Italians North Romans and state agencies!

Language

The following words and phrases you may find useful:

• hello: buongiorno (or ciao, informal)
• goodbye: arrivederci (or ciao, informal)
• yes sì
• no: No
• please: per favore
• thank you: grazie
• excuse me mid scusi
• I would go to ...: voglio andare a ...
• hotel / pension  : albergo / pensione
• Restaurant  : ristorante
• Breakfast: prima colazione
• Lunch: pranzo
• Dinner: cena
• office of tourism  : ufficio di turismo
• Air: aereo
• Bus: Bus

Food

Eat ( Magnar dialect), here it is not an easy task! Nothing can better describe this pleasure, this art of living, that in Fellini's Roma , night sequence of a small people seated in trattorias inoutdoor . A full Italian meal unfolds him in three sequences: theantipasti (appetizers), the primary (this is where there are the endless pasta preparations provided they are al dente ) and thesecondo , meat or fish. The kitchen has its roots in Roman food of the poor, which is why there offal are important. Taste the coda(oxtail), or tripe ( tripe), large local specialties, and among many other things, saltimbocca alla romana (veal cutlet served in roll with a slice of prosciutto - ham - raised white wine and sage) orBacchio al forno , roast lamb flavored with rosemary and garlic, Easter dish par excellence. The pecorino (sheep cheese)Romano , freshly grated, supports and spaghetti al cacio pepe(cheese and pepper) and is traditionally eaten with beans on Easter Monday (Pasquetta) and 1 st May

Religion

In the city that is home to the Vatican, most people declare themselves Catholics , but they are not very frequent to common ceremonies. However, holidays , churches are always full. One particularly famous St. Joseph (March 19), St. John (June 23) and St. Peter and St. Paul, the patron saints of the city (June 29).The Jubilee 2000 - during which Rome enjoyed a great cleaning, renovation of its infrastructure and the restoration of some museums and cultural sites - we did not count the number of pilgrims: 100 000 Coliseum illuminated for the Stations of the Cross on the evening of Friday, 200,000 around the Basilica of St. Peter the Easter Sunday to hear the Pope's homily: "Urbi et orbi ..." . The Romans followed with interest the actions of the Vatican, especially since the pontificate of John Paul II.

Islam brings together the second largest religious community in the country. The first mosque on Italian soil was opened in Rome in 1995.

Arts

Architecture , painting , mosaic , sculpture , music ,literature , Rome played a central role in Italian art and therefore global. Even with competition from Siena, Venice or Florence, Rome drew the greatest artists of the peninsula: Bernini, architect sculptor Raphael frescoes which decorated the Villa Farnesina in Trastevere, but Michelangelo Buonarroti, Michelangelo said angel who died in Rome in 1564 Most worked in the service of the popes or state. Even in music, the Church was by far the most stable employer talented musicians. Palestrina and Scarlatti and were both choir. Closer to home, Tosca , Puccini's opera is held in Rome under Napoleonic rule. Finally how to evoke Rome without speaking filmmakers Roberto Rossellini ( Rome, Open City ), Pier Paolo Pasolini ( Mamma Roma ) and Federico Fellini ( Fellini's Roma and the Dolce Vita ). The latter spoke of the city as "mamma puttana" and declared: (.) "Rome is a beautiful woman, it's an ideal mother, almost indifferent, this is a mother who has too much power to son devote himself to you. It welcomes you when you come, it'll let you go when you want. "

Rome: History

Chronology of Rome

753 BC. AD

Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus.

715-616 BC. AD

Reign of the Sabine kings.

616-509 BC. AD

Etruscan kings reign.

509 BC. AD

Rome is released from the Etruscan tyranny. Establishment of the Republic.

282-272 BC. AD

War against Pyrrhus, King of Epirus. Victorious Rome extended its domination of southern Italy.

264-146 BC. AD

Punic Wars. The Romans take and destroy Carthage.

133-121 BC. AD

The Gracchi: the Gracchus brothers, two tribunes of the people, promulgate an agrarian law (lex Sempronia) for sharing land public community to poor citizens. The Senate did the murder.

49-30 BC. AD

Civil wars.

44 BC. AD

Assassination of Caesar on the day of the Ides of March (15 March).

27 av. BC - 68 AD. AD

Reign of Augustus and the Julio-Claudian emperors (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero).

69-96

Flavian dynasty (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian).

96-192

Antonine dynasty (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius.).

193-235

Severan dynasty (Septimius Severus, Caracalla.).

313

The Emperor Constantine recognizes freedom of worship (Edict of Milan) and converted to Christianity.

395

On the death of Theodosius, the Empire was divided between his two son. We now distinguish a Western Empire (capital Ravenna) and an Eastern Empire (capital Constantinople).

410

Sack of Rome by the hordes of Alaric, king of the Visigoths.

476

Odoacer, king of the Heruli, tabled Romulus Augustus, picking up the end of the Western Empire. Rome became subject to Byzantium.

752

Faced with the threat posed by the Lombards, Pope Stephen II appealed to the Frankish King Pepin the Short.

800

Victorious Lombards, Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of the West by the pontiff.

962

King Otto of Saxony first founded the Holy Roman Empire. The emperor has jurisdiction over ecclesiastical investitures.

XI e -XII th centuries

Conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the papacy. The Roman aristocracy is confronted by rival clans entrenched in their strongholds.

1130-1155

Arnold of Brescia tried to establish a Roman Republic against the temporal power of the Holy See, but eventually hanged.

1309-1377

The papacy moved to Avignon.

1347

Became tribune in favor of a popular uprising, Cola di Rienzo establishes a Roman Republic. He was assassinated.

1378-1417

Western Schism: Three Popes coexist in Rome, Avignon and Pisa.

1520

Martin Luther lays the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation.

1527

Sack of Rome by the Constable of Bourbon mercenaries in the pay of Charles Quint .

1545-1563

Council of Trent and the establishment of the Counter-Reformation by the Catholic church.

1798

French troops occupied Rome. Proclamation of the Roman Republic.

1809

The Papal States are linked to the French Empire.

1870

Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

1922

Fascists march on Rome.

1929

Lateran Pacts.

1944

Liberation of Rome.

1946

Establishment of the Italian Republic by referendum.

1957

The Treaty of Rome established the Common Market.

1962-1965

Vatican II.

Years 1970-1980

Period of political terrorism in Italy.

1978

John Paul II came to the throne of St. Peter .

1992

Launch of Operation mani pulite ("clean hands") against the political and financial corruption.

1994

Beginning of the Second Republic.

2000

Rome celebrates the Jubilee of 2000.

2001

After the victory in the parliamentary elections, the coalition of center-right he directed, Silvio Berlusconi, the richest man in Italy, returned to head the government.

2002

Adoption in July of immigration law which sets the conditions for entry and residence of immigrants and facilitate the expulsion of illegal immigrants.

2005

April 4, 2005, death of Pope John Paul II after a long illness. On April 19, the cardinals gathered in conclave to elect the German Joseph Ratzinger to succeed him as head of the Catholic Church. Taking the name Benedict XVI, he became the 256 th pope in history.

2006

Following the held on 29 and 30 May municipal elections, it is the Italian left, which requires the management of cities of Rome, Turin and Naples.

2008

February 6, 2008, overthrow of the second Prodi government after the failure of a confidence vote in the Senate. Holding early general elections.

April 28, 2008, following the resignation of Walter Veltroni, Gianni Alemanno party "People of Freedom" (a member of the ruling coalition) wins the mayor of Rome Francesco Rutelli face.

2010

The regional elections of March 2010, the coalition of center-right Berlusconi delights four regions left opposition, including that of Rome.

2011

In November, the European sovereign debt crisis pushes the resignation Silvio Berlusconi, who was replaced as Prime Minister Mario Monti, former European commissioner for the single market.

2012

Vatileaks scandal (leak case) erupts when the butler of Pope discloses confidential documents to the press.

2013

February 11, Pope Benedict XVI, 85 years old, stuns the world by announcing his renunciation. He is the first pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415 Argentine Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit elected pope and took the name of Francis, in honor of St. Francis of Assisi. 

Government policy side, neither the right nor the left will come out victorious in general elections. The movement of 5 stars Beppe Grillo won 25% of the vote. 

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